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Kena veimataqali mataqali ni pusi

Na pusi (Felis catus) e dua na vale species ni daukana lalai lewenimanumanu manumanu susu.[1][2] E duadua ga na species manumanu vakavaletaki ena matavuvale Felidae ka dau vakatokai me na pusi vale se pusi vakavale me vakaduiduitaki koya mai vei ira na lewe ni matavuvale kila lewenilotu.[3] Pusi e dau maroroi me vaka na manumanu ni vale ia e rawa talega ni pusi ni iteitei se pusi ni kilavale; na pusi kilavale e dau galala qai sega ni veitaratara kei ira na tamata.[4] Pusi vale era vakamareqeta na tamata me baleta na veitokani kei na nodra rawa ni vakamatea na rodent. E rauta ni 60 mataqali pusi era kilai mai na veimataqali rejisita ni pusi.[5]

Na pusi e tautauvata na kena ibulibuli kei na so tale na species felid: e kaukauwa na yagona, totolo na nona vakasama, matailalai na batina, kei na qaqalo e rawa ni vakasukai e veiganiti me vakamatea na manumanu lalai. E vakatorocaketaki vinaka na kena rai ena bogi kei na kena boi vinaka. Na veitaratara ni pusi e oka kina na vosataki me vaka na miau, qoqolou, sisi, kei na kudru ka vakakina na vosa vakayago ni pusi-vakatabakidua. E dina ga ni pusi e dua na species veimaliwai, e dua na dauvakasasa taudua. Me vaka e dua na manumanu dauvakacaca, e dau vakacaca, e dau cakacaka vakalevu ena mataka lailai kei na yakavi. E rawa ni rogoca na rorogo sa rui malumalumu se sa rui cecere ena wasoma me baleta na daliga ni tamata, me vaka na kena era cakava na kalavo kei na so tale na lalai manumanu susu.[6] E vakatubura tale ga qai raica na feromoni.[7]

Yalewa pusi vale e rawa ni tiko na luveni pusi mai na vulaitubutubu ki na icavacava ni vulaitubutubu, kei na levu ni benu e dau tekivu mai na rua ki na lima na luveni pusi.[8] Pusi vale era susugi ka vakaraitaki ena soqo me vaka na pusi ni kawa rejisita, e dua na ka taleitaki ka kilai me pusi totoka. Na kena lewai na iwiliwili ni pusi e rawa ni vakayacori ena kena vakalutu kei kena sega ni vakaluveni, ia na nodra vakalevutaki kei na nodra biu laivi na manumanu e vakavuna me levu kina na pusi ni kilavale pusi e vuravura raraba, e veivuke ena kena vakarusai na manumanu taucoko vuka, manumanu susu, kei qasi species.[9]

E dau nanumi tu mai vakabalavu ni tekivu na nodra vakamalumalumutaki na pusi mai Ijipita Makawa, era dau vakarokorokotaki kina na pusi mai na 3100 BC,[10][11] ia na toso vou ena vakadidike ni veika makawa kei na genetika e vakaraitaka ni nodra vakamalumalumutaki a yaco ena Ra Esia rauta na 7500 BC.[12]

Me vaka ni 2021, e rauta ni 220 milioni na pusi taukeni kei na 480 milioni na galala-veilakoyaki pusi e vuravura.[13][14]

Ekoloji

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Vanua ni bula

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Na pusi vale e dua na species veimatanitu ka dau yaco ena levu na vanua e vuravura.[15] E rawa ni veisau qai tiko ena gauna oqo ena veivanua kece vakavo ga na Antarctica, kei na 118 mai na 131 na ilawalawa lelevu ni yanuyanu, ena veivanua tu vakatikitiki mada ga Yatu Kerguelen.[16][17] Ena vuku ni kena rawa ni bulabula vinaka ena voleka ni vanua kece ni bula vakavuravura, e maliwai ira na vuravura e levu duadua species veivakacacani.[18] E bula ena veiyanuyanu lalai e sega kina na tamata.[19] Pusi kilavale e rawa ni bula ena veikau, vanua co, tundra, vanua e baravi, vanua ni teitei, vanua lolobo, vanua ni korolevu, kei vanua suasua.[20]

Na sega ni vinakati ka vakavuna na pusi vale me qaravi me vaka e dua na species veimatanitu dauvakacaca e rua na ka . Ena dua na yasana, me vaka ni lailai na kena veisau mai na pusi kila, e rawarawa sara me veiwatini kei na pusi kila. Na veivakaduiduitaki oqo e vakavuna na leqa ki na duidui ni gene ni so na iwiliwili ni pusi kila, vakabibi e Sikoteladi kei Hungary, rairai talega na vanua o Iberia, kei na vanua e taqomaki kina na vanua vakaitaukei e volekata na tamata-lewa vanua rairai, me vaka na vanua ni gade e Kruger e Sauca Aferika.[21][22] Ena yasana kadua, ka rairai matata cake, na kena vakacurumi ki na veivanua e sega ni tiko kina na pusi ni vanua e cau ki na kena sa lutu sobu na species ni vanua.[23]

Kilataki

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Pusi kilavale era pusi vale era sucu ena se ra sa lesu tale ki na dua na ituvaki ni veikau. Era sega ni kilai ira vinaka na tamata ra qai dau veilakoyaki galala ena veikoro lelevu kei na veivanua lala.[24] Na naba ni pusi vakakila e sega ni kilai, ia na vakasama ni Amerika na iwiliwili ni kilavale e tiko mai na 25 ina 60 milioni.[24] Pusi kilavale e rawa ni bula duadua, ia e levu era kune ena koloni lelevu, era taukena e dua na vanua vakatabakidua ra qai dau veiwekani kei na dua na ivurevure ni kakana.[25] Era kune e Roma na veivanua kilai levu ni pusi kilavale levu wavolita na Colosseum kei Forum Romanum, kei na pusi ena so na vanua oqo era vakani ka soli vei ira na veiqaravi vakavuniwai mai vei ira dauveiqaravi.[26]

E duidui sara na nodra rai na lewenivanua me baleta na pusi kilavale, mai na nodra raici ira mera manumanu galala mera raici ira mera kutu.[27]

E so pusi kilavale e rawa ni rawati vinaka na veimaliwai ka ‘vakabulabulataki tale’ me baleta na veisusu; pusi gone, vakabibi na pusi gone[28] kei pusi era sa sotava oti kei na veitaratara kei na tamata era sa ciqoma vakalevu duadua na sasaga oqo.

Kena revurevu ena manumanu kila

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Ena yanuyanu, na vuka e rawa ni cau me vaka na 60% kakana ni pusi.[29] Voleka ni veigauna kece, na pusi e sega ni rawa ni kilai me vaka na vuna duadua ga ni kena vakalailaitaki na iwiliwili ni manumanu vuka ni yanuyanu, kei na so na gauna, na kena vakarusai na pusi sa vakavuna e dua na "veimama manumanu dauvakacaca sereki" na kena revurevu; ena vanua e vakavuna kina na kena vakamalumalumutaki na manumanu daukana e cake e dua na levu ni manumanu lalai ka vakavuna na lutu levu ni nodra manumanu wasei. Na pusi ni vale e dua na ka e vakavuna na kena sa lutu sobu tiko e vuqa na mataqali manumanu, e dua na ka e sa qai mai vakavuna, ena so na gauna, me ra yali yani. Eso na vuka vanua e dau ni Niusiladi[30] , kei na na kisi bibi duadua sai koya na sega ni vuka wren ni Yatu Stephens (Traversia lyalli), ka a vakavuna me yali yani ni oti ga e vica na yabaki na kena kunei.[31] E dua pusi kilavale ena Niusiladi vakamatei o 102 bati lailai na kena gusu lekaleka ni Niusiladi (Mystacina tuberculata) ena vitu na siga.[32] Ena Amerika, na pusi kilavale kei na galala-vakamatei e dua na vakasama 6.3 – 22.3 bilioni na manumanu susu ena veiyabaki.[33]

E Ositerelia, na kena revurevu na pusi ena iwiliwili ni manumanu susu e levu cake sara mai na kena revurevu ni kena vakayali na vanua ni bula.[34] E sivia e dua na milioni na qasi era dau vakamatea na pusi kila ena veisiga, e vakatayaloyalotaka na 258 species.[35] Pusi era sa vakavuna na kena vakarusai na Leiocephalus eremitus kei Chioninia coctei.[36]

Veitikina

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  1. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis Catus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 42.
  2. ↑ Template:MSW3 Wozencraft
  3. ↑ Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) [1987]. "Cats". A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (Second ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–140. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3. OCLC 39786571. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  4. ↑ Liberg, O.; Sandell, M.; Pontier, D.; Natoli, E. (2000). "Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids". In Turner, D. C.; Bateson, P. (eds.). The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 9780521636483. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Driscoll, C. A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Kitchener, A. C.; O'Brien, S. J. (2009). "The taming of the cat". Scientific American. 300 (6): 68–75. Bibcode:2009SciAm.300f..68D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68. PMC 5790555. PMID 19485091. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Moelk, M. (1944). "Vocalizing in the House-cat; A Phonetic and Functional Study". The American Journal of Psychology. 57 (2): 184–205. doi:10.2307/1416947. JSTOR 1416947.
  7. ↑ Bland, K. P. (1979). "Tom-cat odour and other pheromones in feline reproduction" (PDF). Veterinary Science Communications. 3 (1): 125–136. doi:10.1007/BF02268958. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Nutter, F. B.; Levine, J. F.; Stoskopf, M. K. (2004). "Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225 (9): 1399–1402. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.204.1281. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399. PMID 15552315. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Rochlitz, I. (2007). The Welfare of Cats. "Animal Welfare" series. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 141–175. ISBN 978-1-4020-6143-1. OCLC 262679891.
  10. ↑ Langton, N.; Langton, M. B. (1940). The Cat in ancient Egypt, illustrated from the collection of cat and other Egyptian figures formed. Cambridge University Press. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Malek, J. (1997). The Cat in Ancient Egypt (Revised ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  12. ↑ Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication". Science. 317 (5837): 519–523. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..519D. doi:10.1126/science.1139518. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 5612713. PMID 17600185. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ "Statistics on cats". carocat.eu. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  14. ↑ Rostami, Ali (2020). "30". In Bowman, Dwight D. (ed.). Toxocara and Toxocariasis. Elsevier Science. p. 616. ISBN 9780128209585.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lipinski
  16. ↑ Say, L. (2002). "Spatio-temporal variation in cat population density in a sub-Antarctic environment". Polar Biology. 25 (2): 90–95. doi:10.1007/s003000100316. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Frenot, Y.; Chown, S. L.; Whinam, J.; Selkirk, P. M.; Convey, P.; Skotnicki, M.; Bergstrom, D. M. (2005). "Biological Invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, Impacts and Implications". Biological Reviews. 80 (1): 45–72. doi:10.1017/S1464793104006542. PMID 15727038. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Medina, F. M.; Bonnaud, E.; Vidal, E.; Tershy, B. R.; Zavaleta, E.; Josh Donlan, C.; Keitt, B. S.; Le Corre, M.; Horwath, S. V.; Nogales, M. (2011). "A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates". Global Change Biology. 17 (11): 3503–3510. Bibcode:2011GCBio..17.3503M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.701.4082. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Nogales, M.; Martin, A.; Tershy, B. R.; Donlan, C. J.; Veitch, D.; Uerta, N.; Wood, B.; Alonso, J. (2004). "A Review of Feral Cat Eradication on Islands" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 18 (2): 310–319. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x. hdl:10261/22249. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Invasive Species Specialist Group (2006). "Ecology of Felis catus". Global Invasive Species Database. Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  21. ↑ Le Roux, Johannes J.; Foxcraft, Llewellyn C.; Herbst, Marna; Macfadyen, Sandra (19 August 2014). "Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in South Africa". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (2): 288–299. doi:10.1002/ece3.1275. PMC 4314262. PMID 25691958. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  22. ↑ Oliveira, R.; Godinho, R.; Randi, E.; Alves, P. C. (2008). "Hybridization Versus Conservation: Are Domestic Cats Threatening the Genetic Integrity of Wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) in Iberian Peninsula?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 363 (1505): 2953–2961. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0052. PMC 2606743. PMID 18522917.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named contr-ext
  24. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rochlitz2
  25. ↑ "What is the difference between a stray cat and a feral cat?". HSUS.org. Humane Society of the United States. 2 January 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.
  26. ↑ Say, L. (2002). "Spatio-temporal variation in cat population density in a sub-Antarctic environment". Polar Biology. 25 (2): 90–95. doi:10.1007/s003000100316. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Frenot, Y.; Chown, S. L.; Whinam, J.; Selkirk, P. M.; Convey, P.; Skotnicki, M.; Bergstrom, D. M. (2005). "Biological Invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, Impacts and Implications". Biological Reviews. 80 (1): 45–72. doi:10.1017/S1464793104006542. PMID 15727038. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Medina, F. M.; Bonnaud, E.; Vidal, E.; Tershy, B. R.; Zavaleta, E.; Josh Donlan, C.; Keitt, B. S.; Le Corre, M.; Horwath, S. V.; Nogales, M. (2011). "A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates". Global Change Biology. 17 (11): 3503–3510. Bibcode:2011GCBio..17.3503M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.701.4082. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Fitzgerald, M. B.; Turner, D. C. "Hunting Behaviour of Domestic Cats and Their Impact on Prey Populations". In Turner & Bateson (ed.). The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour. pp. 151–175. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mead 1982 183–186
  31. ↑ Nogales, M.; Martin, A.; Tershy, B. R.; Donlan, C. J.; Veitch, D.; Uerta, N.; Wood, B.; Alonso, J. (2004). "A Review of Feral Cat Eradication on Islands" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 18 (2): 310–319. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x. hdl:10261/22249. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Say, L. (2002). "Spatio-temporal variation in cat population density in a sub-Antarctic environment". Polar Biology. 25 (2): 90–95. doi:10.1007/s003000100316. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NC012913
  34. ↑ Frenot, Y.; Chown, S. L.; Whinam, J.; Selkirk, P. M.; Convey, P.; Skotnicki, M.; Bergstrom, D. M. (2005). "Biological Invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, Impacts and Implications". Biological Reviews. 80 (1): 45–72. doi:10.1017/S1464793104006542. PMID 15727038. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Medina, F. M.; Bonnaud, E.; Vidal, E.; Tershy, B. R.; Zavaleta, E.; Josh Donlan, C.; Keitt, B. S.; Le Corre, M.; Horwath, S. V.; Nogales, M. (2011). "A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates". Global Change Biology. 17 (11): 3503–3510. Bibcode:2011GCBio..17.3503M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.701.4082. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Doherty, T. S.; Glen, A. S.; Nimmo, D. G.; Ritchie, E. G.; Dickman, C. R. (2016). "Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (40): 11261–11265. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311261D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1602480113. PMC 5056110. PMID 27638204. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
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